The Salama family of Melilla, a wealthy Jewish family from northern Morocco of Tetouan origin, represented Royal Dutch Shell in Spain and Morocco. The London Jew Marcus Samuel had founded the Shell oil company with the collaboration of the Rothschild House, which would later merge with Royal Dutch Petroleum forming Royal Dutch Shell. Jacob Levy Serfati Personal File, 1961 (AIMC, C.G. I thank the anonymous reviewers for bringing the need to clarify this and other relevant points in the text to my attention. However, I feel more comfortable with the term “Iberian-Moroccan Jews,” as the concepts “Hispanic” and “Moroccan” are problematic in their own way and require further clarification as, indeed, does “Iberian.” For all of these reasons, I have decided to use the term Sephardim in this case. Israel Garzón 2008 Cohen and Moreno 2017 Cohen 2017) to refer to the population that I call northern Moroccan Sephardim, which is undoubtedly more descriptive and accurate, as the term Sephardim implies other categories as well. Therefore, some scholars prefer to use the term “Hispanic-Moroccan Jews” instead of Sephardim (i.e. In the north, however, the Sephardic Jews who settled among the kabyles of the Rif Mountains assimilated the Tamazight languages. This was not the case for the Sephardim who settled in Fez and other cities south of the Loukkos River after the expulsion in 1492, who assimilated Moroccan Arabic but did not lose other cultural features, and continued to be called “megorashim” (expelled), as opposed to the “toshabim” (locals, natives).

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